Authors: I. Bryjová 1,2,5; N. Skibová 2,4; M. Janíková 1,3; H. Tomášková 1,3; M. Starosta 1 Authors‘ workplace: Ostravská univerzita, Lékařská fakulta Ústav epidemiologie a ochrany veřejného zdraví Vedoucí: doc. MUDr. Rastislav Maďar, PhD., MBA, FRCPS 1; Slezská univerzita v Opavě, Fakulta veřejných politik Ústav nelékařských zdravotnických studií Vedoucí: doc. PhDr. Yvetta Vrublová, Ph. D. 2; Zdravotní ústav se sídlem v Ostravě Ředitel: Ing. Eduard Ježo 3; LUNA dental s. r. o., Moravská Ostrava a Přívoz 4; Zubní klinika Svět úsměvů s. r. o., Háj ve Slezsku 5 Published in: Prakt. Lék. 2025; 106(5-6): 183-188 Category: Reviews
Periodontitis and dental caries are among the most prevalent chronic oral diseases worldwide. Recent evidence links these conditions to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis, obesity, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Key mechanisms involve chronic low-grade inflammation, oral microbiome dysbiosis, and translocation of oral pathogens into the systemic circulation. This review summarizes findings from a systematic search of studies published between 2015 and 2025 in the PubMed and Scopus databases, focusing on links between oral and systemic health, pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical implications.
prevention – Oral health – Periodontitis – diabetes mellitus – systemic diseases
1. Abu-Shawish G, Betsy J, Anil S. Is obesity a risk factor for periodontal disease in adults? a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19(19): 12684.
2. Ahmad R, Haque M. Oral health messiers: diabetes mellitus relevance. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2021; 14 : 3001–3015.
3. Belstrøm D. The oral microbiota as part of the human microbiota – links to general health. Nor Tannlegeforen Tid. 2020; 131(2): 114–120.
4. Bertolini M, Clark D. Periodontal disease as a model to study chronic inflammation in aging. GeroScience 2023; 46(4): 3695–3709.
5. Botelho J, Mascarenhas P, Viana J, et al. An umbrella review of the evidence linking oral health and systemic noncommunicable diseases. Nat Commun. 2022; 13(1): 7614.
6. Clark D, Kotronia E, Ramsay SE. Frailty, aging, and periodontal disease: basic biologic considerations. Periodontology 2000 2021; 87(1): 143–156.
7. D’Aiuto F, Gable D, Syed Z, et al. Evidence summary: the relationship between oral diseases and diabetes. Br Dent J. 2017; 222(12): 944–948.
8. Decker A, Askar H, Tattan M, et al. The assessment of stress, depression, and inflammation as a collective risk factor for periodontal diseases: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2020; 24(1): 1–12.
9. Delwel S, Binnekade TT, Perez RSGM, et al. Oral health and orofacial pain in older people with dementia: a systematic review with focus on dental hard tissues. Clin Oral Investig. 2017; 21(1): 17–32.
10. Dhadse P, Gattani D, Mishra R. The link between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease: how far we have come in last two decades? J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2010; 14(3): 148 – 154.
11. Dietrich T, Webb I, Stenhouse L, et al. Evidence summary: the relationship between oral and cardiovascular disease. Br Dent J. 2017; 222(5): 381–385.
12. Dominy SS, Lynch C, Ermini F, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease brains: evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors. Sci Adv. 2019; 5(1): eaau3333.
13. Dong J, Li W, Wang Q, et al. Relationships between oral microecosystem and respiratory diseases. Front Mol Biosci. 2022; 8 : 718222.
14. Dörfer C, Benz C, Aida J, et al. The relationship of oral health with general health and NCDs: a brief review. Int Dent J. 2017; 67(Suppl 2): 14–18.
15. Feres M, Teles F, Teles R, et al. The subgingival periodontal microbiota of the aging mouth. Periodontology 2000 2016; 72(1): 30–53.
16. Genco RJ, Offenbacher S, Beck JD. Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002; 133(Suppl): 14S–22S.
17. Gift HC, Atchison KA. Oral health, health, and health-related quality of life. Med Care. 1995; 33(11 Suppl): NS57–NS77.
18. Goździewska M, Łyszczarz A, Kaczoruk M, et al. Relationship between periodontal diseases and non-specific inflammatory bowel diseases – an overview. Part I. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2024; 31(1): 1–7.
19. Hassan K. The link between oral health and diabetes complications. Int J Med Biomed Stud. 2021; 5(8): 73–75.
20. Heaton LJ, Tiwari T, Tranby E. Medical-dental-behavioral integration: embracing whole-person health in research and practice. JDR Clin Transl Res. 2024; 9(1 Suppl): 3S–5S.
21. Hussein S, Kantawalla RF, Dickie S, et al. Association of oral health and mini nutritional assessment in older adults: a systematic review with meta-analyses. J Prosthodont Res. 2022; 66(2): 208–220.
22. Hwang SY, Shim JL, Kang D, et al. Poor oral health predicts higher 10-year cardiovascular risk: a propensity score matching analysis. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2018; 33(5): 429–436.
23. Jungbauer G, Stähli A, Zhu X, et al. Periodontal microorganisms and Alzheimer disease – a causative relationship? Periodontology 2000 2022; 89(1): 59–82.
24. Kane SF. The effects of oral health on systemic health. Gen Dent. 2017; 65(6): 30–34.
25. Kassebaum NJ, Bernabé E, Dahiya M, et al. Global burden of untreated caries: a systematic review and metaregression. J Dent Res. 2015; 94(5): 650–658.
26. Kessler JL. A literature review on women’s oral health across the life span. Nurs Womens Health 2017; 21(2): 108–121.
27. Kholy KE, Genco RJ, Van Dyke TE. Oral infections and cardiovascular disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 26(6): 315 – 321.
28. Kramarczyk K, Skowron K, Skowron P, et al. The multifaceted impact of missing teeth on general health: a narrative review. Folia Med Cracov. 2024; 64(1): 25–37.
29. Kudiyirickal MG, Pappachan JM. Diabetes mellitus and oral health. Endocrine. 2015; 49(1): 27–34.
30. Kulkarni MS, Miller B, Mahani M, et al. Poor oral health linked with higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Sci. 2023; 13(11): 1555.
31. Lam GA, Albarrak H, McColl CJ, et al. The oral-gut axis: periodontal diseases and gastrointestinal disorders. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2023; 29(7): 1153–1164.
32. Lavigne SE, Forrest JL. An umbrella review of systematic reviews of the evidence of a causal relationship between periodontal disease and cardiovascular diseases: position paper from the Canadian Dental Hygienists Association. Can J Dent Hyg. 2020; 54(1): 32–41.
33. Liu F, Song S, Ye X, et al. Oral health-related multiple outcomes of holistic health in elderly individuals: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Front Public Health 2022; 10 : 1021104.
34. Lyshol H, Grøtvedt L, Fagerhaug TN, et al. A study of socio-economic inequalities in self-reported oral and general health in south-east norway. Sci Rep. 2022; 12(1): 12928.
35. Marquez-Arrico C, Almerich-Silla JM, Montiel-Company JM. Oral health knowledge in relation to educational level in an adult population in spain. J Clin Exp Dent. 2019; 11(12): e1143 – e1150.
36. Merza R, Aljohani RB, Alqahtani NS, et al. Oral health and systemic disease: a systematic review of the impact of dental care on overall health. J Ecohumanism. 2024; 3(7): 2654–2670.
37. Meurman JH, Martínez C. Oral infections and systemic health – more than just links to cardiovascular diseases. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2021; 19(1): 441–448.
38. Ming Y, Hsu SW, Yen YY, et al. Association of oral health-related quality of life and Alzheimer disease: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2020; 124(2): 168–175.
39. Nazir M, Izhar F, Akhtar K, et al. Dentists’ awareness about the link between oral and systemic health. J Family Community Med. 2019; 26(3): 206–212.
40. Paulson DR, Ingleshwar A, Theis-Mahon N, et al. The correlation between oral and general health-related quality of life in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2025; 25(1): 102078.
41. Peng J, Song J, Han J, et al. The relationship between tooth loss and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, and coronary heart disease in the general population: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Biosci Rep. 2019; 39(1): BSR20181773.
42. Peres MA, Macpherson LMD, Weyant RJ, et al. Oral diseases: a global public health challenge. Lancet 2019; 394(10194): 249 – 260.
43. Rohr JFC, Rozenblats A, Selga G, et al. The influence of the oral microbiome on general health. Stomatology EDU J. 2021; 8(1): 66–76.
44. Sabbah W, Folayan MO, El Tantawi M. The link between oral and general health. Int J Dent. 2019; 2019 : 7862923.
45. Said-Sadier N, Sayegh B, Farah R, et al. Association between periodontal disease and cognitive impairment in adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20(6): 4707.
46. Saji N, Matsushita K, Takeda A, et al. Association between periodontal disease and age-related cognitive impairment: a narrative review. BMC Oral Health 2025; 25(1): 37.
47. Sanz M, Del Castillo AM, Jepsen S, et al. Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases. Consensus report. Glob Heart. 2020; 15(1): 1.
48. Sheiham A. Oral health, general health and quality of life. Bull World Health Organ. 2005; 83(9): 644.
49. Tavares M, Lindefjeld Calabi KA, San Martin L. Systemic diseases and oral health. Dent Clin North Am. 2014; 58(4): 797 – 814.
50. Thomas C, Minty M, Vinel A, et al. Oral microbiota: a major player in the diagnosis of systemic diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11(8): 1376.
51. Tonelli A, Lumngwena EN, Ntusi NAB. The oral microbiome in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2023; 20(6): 386–403.
52. Xu S, Song M, Xiong Y, et al. The association between periodontal disease and the risk of myocardial infarction: a pooled analysis of observational studies. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017; 17(1): 50.
53. Yu B, Wang CY. Osteoporosis and periodontal diseases – an update on their association and mechanistic links. Periodontology 2000 2022; 89(1): 99–113.
54. Yu YH, Steffensen B, Ridker PM, et al. Candidate loci shared among periodontal disease, diabetes and bone density. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13 : 1016373.
55. Zucoloto ML, Maroco J, Campos JADB. Impact of oral health on health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16(1): 55.
Don‘t have an account? Create new account
Enter the email address that you registered with. We will send you instructions on how to set a new password.
